Asynchronous Transfer Mode
Asynchronous Transfer Mode(ATM) is a "high-speed transmission protocol in which data
blocks are broken into small cells that are transmitted individually and possibly via different routes in a manner similar to packet-switching technology". In other words, it is a form of data transmission that allows voice, video and data to be sent along the same network. In the past, voice, video and data were transferred using separate networks: voice traffic over the phone, video over cable networks and data over an internetwork. ATM is a cell- switching and multiplexing technology designed to be a fast, general purpose transfer mode for multiple services. It is asynchronous because cells are not transferred periodically. Cells are given time slots on demand. What
seperates ATMs is its capability to support multimedia and integrate these services along with data over a signal type of transmission method. The ATM cell is the data unit used to transmit the data. The data is broken into 48-byte data packets for transmission. Five bytes of control data are appended to the 48-byte data packets, forming a 53-byte transmission frame.
These frames are then transmitted to the recipient, where the 5-byte control data (or
Header) is removed and the message is put back together for use by the system In an ATM network, all data is switched and multiplexed in these cells. Each ATM cell sent into the network contains addressing information that achieves a virtual connection from origination to destination. All cells are then transferred, in sequence, over this virtual connection. Asynchronous Transfer Mode: The header includes information about the contents of the payload and about the method of transmission. The header contains only 5 octets. It was shortened as much as possible, containing the minimum address and control functions for a working system. The sections in the header are a series of bits which are recognized and processed by the ATM layer.
Sections included in the header are Generic Flow Control (GFC), Cell Loss Priority (CLP), Payload Type, Header Error Control, the Virtual Path Identifier and the Virtual Channel Identifier. The Header is the information field that contains the revenue bearing payload. A GFC is a 4-bit field intended to support simple implementations of multiplexing. The GFC is intended to support flow control. The CLP bit is a 1-bit field that indicates the loss priority of an individual cell. Cells are assigned a binary code to indicate either high or low priority.
Our body mimics endogenous chemicals that we already produced in the body called endocannabinoids thats why we have receptors fits cannabis. This is shown in the documentary with a young four month old little boy now he is seven years old named Jayden suffered from his first debilitating seizure. It went downhill from there, having around 500 twitching seizures a day and in pain for hours. By the age of five years old, Jayden, had taken 25,000 pill from 12 different perceptions since four months old. Jayden’s dad was not ready to give up on him and wanted to try something new, he pick-up a liquid form of marijuana called CBD- Marijuana Extract from a dispensary. The moment Jayden received the CBD he was free from seizure, as his dad worked to remove him throughout the weeks off his prescribed pills. Cannabis has made some industrializing changes, in the late 30’s an article was put out for the public to read stating there is 25,000 uses for marijuana from engineering, food, beauty, charcoal, to materials and much more. And once it becomes legal it will be much cheaper that the pharmaceutical drugs. With the recent years that have come and are before us the understanding of marijuana’s diversity has become universally wide spread news. With a great knowledge of strains have come with new discoveries and with these discoveries are
The active ingredient in marijuana is delta-9-trans-tetrahydrocannabinol, or THC. The structure of THC is very similar to the endogenous cannabinoids, or endocannabinoids for short, which are naturally occurring chemicals in the body (1).The THC binds to the receptors of the endocannabinoids, and activates the neurons, causing the different sensations experienced during a high. These receptors are spread throughout the brain. THC affects the central nervous system, as well as the peripheral tissue systems. THC can reduce pain, lower body temperature, and enhance appetite. It can also be used for anti-inflammatory, bronchodilatory, and anti-convulsant, which is why THC is used for medicinal purposes. THC is used as a popular treatment for glaucoma by reducing ocular pressure, and for neurological disorders such as multiple sclerosis, Huntington's Disease, and spinal cord injury (4).
Last phase is data exchange. In data exchange, client and server exchanges the data by creating one or more data channels. In each channel, flow is control using window space available. There are 3 stages of the life of the channel: open channel, data transfer and close channel. One the channel is open by either of the party, data is transferred and then channel is closed by either of the party [3].
A switch can be used to make various connections. Ethernet, Token Ring, and various other types of packet switched network segments together to form a heterogeneous network operating at OSI Layer 2.
When no station is transmitting a data frame, a special token frame circles the loop. This special token frame is repeated from station to station until arriving at a station that needs to transmit data. When a station needs to transmit a data frame, it converts the token frame into a data frame for transmission. The special token frame consists of three bytes as follows:
Many weed smokers will argue that there are no harmful effects of smoking the plant, but research states otherwise. Although there are around four hundred chemicals found in marijuana, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol is the active ingredient. This chemical, more commonly known as THC, primarily affects the brain. A few effects of THC are appetite st...
Simultaneous communication, also known as Sim-com is a form of communication process that utilizes both signs and sound. Quite often Sim-com has been referred to as a sign supported speech; these signs are usually in English in order to ensure that there is fluency in the language. In this, it is noted that some other non-verbal cues like the use of finger spelling and visual aids which rhyme to the spoken language can be used. Simultaneous communication has always been known to be a form of communication that is intended to help people who have hearing problems (deaf) understand what is being said. In this, it is realized that over the years, Sim-com has been able to utilize other systems of communication like seeing essential English. Sim-com has proven its advantageous use in both the deaf and hearing people because it presents both the spoken language and also the non-verbal. Simultaneous language is not only used by the deaf, but also used when communicating with students at the preschool level. This is important because these children tend not to understand verbal communication fully (Beginnings, 2014).
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) is the mostly implemented in high speed networks. ATM is the transmission system for CCITT's next-generation ISDN, Broadband ISDN (B-ISDN). B-ISDN is designed to provide subscriber communication services over a wide range of bit rates from megabits to several gigabits.
rules, for computers to talk to one another. These protocols are carried out by sending
Due the impact that this disease could have around the wold, it has been efforts to develop a tetravalent vaccine that creates ...
Buffering is done in order to cope with data mismatch between the users of the data stream, for adaptation of devices that have different data-transfer sizes. Where buffers
The history of the computer can be dated back for years and years and there is still much more to learn and know as we advance our knowledge with this technology. Webster's Dictionary defines computer as, “any programmable electronic device that can store, retrieve, and process data” (A brief 2004).
Conventionally, a computer consists of at least one processing element, typically a central processing unit and some form of memory. The processing element carries out arithmetic and logic operations, and a sequencing and control unit that can change the order of operations based on stored information. Peripheral devices allow information to be retrieved from an external source, and the result of operations saved and retrieved.
Computer system have become an essential part of life, having significant impact on modern society. A computer system consists of hardware components that have been carefully chosen so that they work well together and software components or programs that run in the computer. It is a set of integrated devices that input, output, process, and store data and information. There are several types of computer systems which are “Mainframe” computer and “Desktop” computer being the main ones. A mainframe computer is a computer system that consists of powerful processors, lots of backed up storages and large amount of memory. They are designed mainly to process large volumes of data. Desktop computers are the most common kind of PC (Personal Computer) which as a number of different hardware devices. Computers have become an important part of education in schools.
A computer is a device that has the capability of storing its own memory by operating under the control of instructions. This then enables the computer to accept data, which is also known as inputting information. To follow this, the computer then processes specified rules according to the data. The next action the computer takes is to generate results. This action is also referred to as output. Lastly, the computer stores the information for use at a later time. This is also known as storage.