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domestic violence studies in the united states
theorical freamework on domestic violence
theorical freamework on domestic violence
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INTRODUCTION
The main aim of the “If I Killed You, I’d Get the Kids: Women’s Survival and Protection Work with Child Custody and Access in the Context of Woman Abuse” article, was to propose, “how women work to negotiate formal systems in relation to child custody and access in the context of woman abuse” (Varcoe & Irwin, 2004, p. 78). Academic and community researchers, including a social action group, collaboratively conducted the entire article in two adjacent suburban communities in Western Canada (Varcoe & Irwin, 2004, p. 78). More so, the data of the research study, which was particularly based on Participatory Action Research, was collected between 2000 and 2002 (Varcoe & Irwin, 2004, p. 78). At the time, the legislation governing post-divorce child support and divorce sought to be revised by the Canadian federal government (Varcoe & Irwin, 2004, p. 78). With the twenty-seven recruits, the researchers and research assistants held in-depth qualitative individual interviews (Varcoe & Irwin, 2004, p. 83). The Violence Against Women Community Co-ordinating Committee that consisted of representatives from various services like the police, child welfare services, social services and public health was the driving force of the study (Varcoe & Irwin, 2004, p. 78).
In their analysis, Varcoe and Erwin (2004) found out that the most critical issue of concern to the women who had children in the study was child custody and access. In addition, once formal systems were involved, the women’s work with systems dominated their lives (Varcoe & Irwin, 2004, p. 84). They also found out that the systems involvement with issues of child custody and access was problematic when responses re-victimized the women by supporting further abuse t...
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...ials in relation to the purpose of the study” (Babbie, 2007, p. 308).
Varcoe and Irwin (2004) mentioned that the women’s experiences with getting help dealing with abuse by a partner were where the interviews were centered. In addition, the interviews usually lasted from one to four hours and conducted at places chosen by the women (Varcoe & Irwin, 2004, p. 83). Letters from lawyers, court orders and notes they made during court appearance are some of the documentary evidence provided by the women while field notes were taken during the interviews (Varcoe & Irwin, 2004, p. 84). Furthermore, having worked on the interview together by the analysis team, meaning units were identified and assigned to conceptual categories. Based on the analysis of the women’s interviews, a preliminary paper based on child custody and access was written (Varcoe & Irwin, 2004, p. 83).
The Family Law Legislation Amendment (Family Violence and Other Measures) Act 2011 (Cth) will significantly improve protection for children and families at risk of violence and abuse. The amendments were made to the previous Act of 2006 to help people within the family law system to better understand violence and abuse and ensure it is reported and responded to more effectively. Relevant research will be assessed to provide background information on reforms of the Family Law Act, and how these changes have helped lead to the Amendment Act of 2011. This essay will evaluate the changes that were made in 2011 and whether these changes have led to improving the protection for children and families at risk of violence and abuse.
Parameswari, B. (2015). Domestic Violence and Child Abuse. IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science, 20(2), 56-59. Retrieved from http://www.iosrjournals.org/iosr-jhss/papers/Vol20-issue2/Version-3/I020235659.pdf
We can see from the film how their father’s death affected their daily life and how they viewed relationships with others. Throughout history, it has been noted how violence against children has been overlooked. Therefore, after the public interest in children had weaned in the 1950’s it seems as though it had been revived in 1974 with the Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act (Module 4: Domestic Violence Toward Women n.d). Laurie and Joan would have benefitted from receiving remediation and treatment in their younger years to try and cope with the after effects. The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study demonstrated a link between childhood abuse, and exposure to Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) and the risky behaviors and health problems later on in adult life (Middlebrooks JS, Audage NC. n.d). The ACE Study found witnessing IPV as a child was “two to six times more likely to experience another ACE” (Middlebrooks JS, Audage NC. n.d). There are many resources the family could use if there was an intervention for the family when the girls were children. At an individual level, parent education programs, which include training on learning new skills in a safe environment (Middlebrooks JS, Audage NC. n.d). Many schools across the United States provide programs with teaching instructions for children to learn how to avoid or report domestic abuse. A relationship level
The child welfare system in United States uses a dominant colonial approach to how the child welfare system is applied. They are based on the foundations of patriarchal ideology. When approaching child welfare the attention is mostly given to the families and individual blame occurs, this may reflect the way the systems are designed, operating from a liberal ideology. Furthermore, in the process of child protection family service systems are exposed to the use of formal coercion and contested court involvements, although this is considered a last resort and avoided, if possible. Typically, after a child maltreatment report, the allegation is investigated and assessed for degree of state interven...
Intimate partner violence has been a significant issue for centuries in all countries. "Since 1974, nearly 2,600 spousal homicides have been recorded in Canada" (Bunge, 2002). Of these homicides, more than three-quarters have been against women. Although through feminism and the women's liberation movement, there has been a slight improvement in the incidences of violence against women, there has also been a drastic change in the perception of the issue by society. After reviewing the most recent literature on violence against women and victimization through intimate partners, it has become prevalent that there are now two crucial stances that are taken. The first position is that of the women being victimized as the main issue, including prevention, causes and incidences. The second position is that of women becoming more 'aggressive' and the issue of violence against both men and women. "Wife battering- the original problem constituted by the 1970s feminists- has morphed into 'domestic violence' and then into 'husband abuse'" (Minaker, 2006). This literature review will examine the background information on intimate partner violence including different arguments and perspectives, theories, and methodologies as well as discuss the major findings and future directions of research.
Violence has become prevalent within society; it is something the western world has learned to accept. With every minute that passes Canadians come face to face with certain acts of violence they may not have previously encountered (citation). Although, violence is not a subject that one can escape, women and children have unfortunately become the prime victims of violent acts. The media glorifies violence in other countries around the world it fails to address the presence of violence within Canada. Although violence is usually associated with gangs and guns, Canada experiences more violence related to bullying, sexual, verbal, cyber and domestic abuse (citation). Amidst the changing societal views towards treating women equally and eliminating objectification, of all these types of violence and abuse in our society, the most common still happens to be domestic abuse, which is mainly targeted at women and affects children. Domestic abuse is described as a form of abuse that takes place in the confines of the household (Citation). Though 51% of Canadians have said to have experienced or witnessed domestic abuse only 20% of those cases related to domestic violence are ever reported (citation). Domestic abuse has become more prevalent in modern society; however, it is an issue that is left un-noticed simply because its effects are invisible outside the walls of ones home. In reality the effects of domestic violence have severe negative effects on women, children and the social structure of today’s society. Without any notification of domestic violence the re precautions of this abuse can be dire. When an individual thinks of domestic abuse, their ideas quickly relate back to women, simply because women are the usual and most common victims of domestic violence. And therefore is an issue that must be resolved rather than ignored.
In the single year of 2009, there were 460,000 reported incidents of sexual assault against women in Canada (“Criminal Victimization in Canada” 1). Amnesty International once stated that aggression against women “is so deeply embedded in society that it often fails to garner public censure and outrage.” This is evidenced by the fact that only roughly 10% of all sexual assaults are revealed, and to exacerbate the circumstances, women are frequently repudiated, blamed, and dispensed apathetic or cruel manipulation (“Violence Against Women Information” 1). Women’s rights are constantly defiled through domestic violence, and yet it is still abounding and ubiquitous in developed countries. Indeed, every six days, a woman in Canada is brutally killed by the one whom she considered her loving male partner. With every year that passes, approximately 362,000 children are witness to violent parental episodes in Canada. Witnessing violence can disturb the development of children and can eventuate in
Each year approximately 4.8 million acts of physical or sexual aggression are perpetrated against women while 2.9 million physically aggressive acts are perpetrated against men within the United States (Edleson, Ellerton, Seagren, Kirchberg, Schmidt & Ambrose, 2007). Many of these incidents take place in the presences of children, which make these figures even more disturbing (Evans, Davies & DiLillo, 2008). Research indicates that 40.2% of United States battered women responding in national surveys state that their children have witnessed one or more abusive events (Edleson et al., 2007). Overall 66% of research samples regarding childhood exposure to domestic violence reported to having direct exposure to the abuse (Barnett, Miller-Perrin & Perrin, 2011).
Statistical evidence can be used to stress the seriousness of domestic violence and the importance of having women’s shelters dispersed throughout the nation. According to recent surveys, one in every three women will experience domestic violence at some time during her lifetime. Domestic violence is also the leading cause of injury to women, with the abuser usually being a member of her own family. Finally, up to ten million American children witness some type of domestic violence every year (Fantuzzo and Fusco, “Children’s Direct Exposure to Types of Domestic Violence Crime: A Population-based Investigation”). These statistics show that domestic violence is a reality and that the efforts of women’s shelters are not in vain.
Sinha, M. (2012). Family violence in Canada: A statistical profile, 2010. Juristat. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 85-002-X. Retrieved from http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/85-002-x/2012001/article/11643-eng.pdf
Obviously, working with survivors of child sexual abuse, neglect, and trauma: The approach taken by the social worker in the Brandon’s case shall begin with “assessment and beginning treatment of the family because child abuse is one of a wide range practice situation in which systems concepts can be applied to help to understand the dynamics involved” in the road for healing and recovery from the physical and psychological effect of the trauma by providing adequate resources available for counseling and therapy due to the devastating impacts of child sexual abuse can be heartbreaking for the victim and the family. However, social worker approach to understanding and responds efficiently by being empathetic to the complex situation as a result; the perpetrator is the father such as in the case of Brandon (Plummer, Makris, & Brocksen, 2014).
DISCUSS THE EXTENT OF PROTECTION FOR WOMEN AGAINST MALE VIOLENCE BY THE STATE. For this essay I am going to look at Domestic Violence against women and what the State is doing to protect them. Domestic Violence is now a well-known global occurrence affecting not only women but also their children too. Violence against woman has been around since the dawn of time. We have all seen cartoon pictures of the caveman dragging his mate behind him by her hair. It was just something that men did. Woman had no protection against men especially if they were married to their attacker. For the first 75 years of the 20th century women were seen as meek and subservient to their men and were also owned by those men. Men had a social right to keep their women under control. Things began to change from the late 1960’s early 1970’s. As feminism became more popular the feelings that men owned their women began to subside. But this change in society did not so much to change the occurrence and violence of violence in the home. So what exactly is domestic violence? “ Domestic Violence is usually defined as physical, emotional, sexual and other abuse by someone (usually but not always a man) of a person (usually not always a woman) with whom they have or have had some form of intimate relationship such as marriage, in order to maintain power and control over that person. It may include threats to kill or harm the woman and/or her children or other family members” (Barron 1992) Lists of typical injuries sustained by victims include: § Bruising § Bleeding § Hair loss § Knife wounds § Scratches to body and face § Concussion § Broken/loss of teeth This list could go and on. Injuries do not have to include physical but also mental. The cause of domestic violence against women can never fully be documented. There is the Liberal approach that violence against women is a rare occurrence and that it is only a small number of men who will abuse. They blame social backgrounds that form a cycle of abuse. If the father used violence against the mother then the child will see it as normal. They also feel that to push a man as far as to commit an assault sexual frustration should also be taken into consideration. But the criticisms against this approach include the notion that not all men who come from a broken home go out and commit rape and systematic abuse. They see that the women have to...
Domestic violence is a terrible curse to all those involved. It inflicts harm on the victim, the perpetrator and witnesses, whether they be children or not. While support services have long been available to assist women and/or children overcome any issues that arise as a result of domestic violence, these services have left out a significant portion of victims, those that are male. In 2012 The Australian Bureau of Statistics found “That 33.3 per cent of victims of current partner violence during the last 12 months were male” (ABS, 2012) and “37.1 per cent of victims of emotional abuse by a partner during the last 12 months were male” (ABS, 2012). This shows the amount of victims that are being left behind by domestic violence support networks in their current state, despite their good intentions. For such a painful and difficult time it is not adequate to leave one third of those suffering behind.
Module five helped me to expand my knowledge in relation to the community responses to domestic violence, as well as dating violence and elder abuse and community agencies resources related to domestic violence. Back in the 1970’s if an officer responded to a domestic violence call, most of the time the officer would recommend the couple or family to contact a family services agency because the police thought domestic violence calls were a family problem not a police problem. “In the 1980’s, laws were enacted and procedures were set in place that were directed toward protecting the victims of domestic violence”. (Cahill, Davis, DeBoard, Gibson, Johnson, Marcon, & West, 2011) Now, when police responds to a domestic violence call they usually
Lemmey, D., McFarlane, J., Willson, P., Malecha, A. (2001). Intimate partner violence: mother’s perspectives of effects on their children. The American Journal of Maternal/Child Nursing, 26(2), 98-103.