ICF
The WHO (World Health Organization) developed the ICF in order to provide a uniform and standardized language which can be used to describe health related functions and domains at an international level (Stucki and Rauch 2010). The ICF addresses the problems which were faced earlier by the health care professionals regarding the lack of integrity between the human functions and disabilities making it difficult to build up a complete rehabilitation programme and research (Stucki and Rauch 2010).
The International classification of impairment, disability and handicap (ICIDH) the model used prior to the ICF, was majorly criticised for the definitions of impairment, disability and handicap used in that model and the fact that it focused more on the consequences of the disorder or the disease and the disability than the fact that even environment has a role to play in the level of disability of a person (Davis and Madden 2006). On the contrary, the ICF is a biopsychosocial model which describes the human within the physical, social and psychological environment (Mittrach et al 2008)
The structure of ICF
ICF is majorly divided into two parts; first part consists of the functioning and disability and includes the components Body functions and structure, activities and participation. Second part consists of the contextual factors namely environmental and personal factors (Mittrach et al 2008). The first component Body functions and structures refers to the anatomical and physiological functions like pain and tendon, second component refers to the activity and participation referring to the up taking of any task like mobility, communication, third component refers to the environmental factors and it relates to the influence of the...
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...itations. However, a proper process to educate the health care professionals regarding its usage is needed. It helps to document the patients’ baseline health status and correlating it with goals gave a systematic idea of the rehabilitation process.
Taking Leena’s case has been useful to write this essay, it gave a practical outlook of how ICF, goal-planning and rehabilitation can be amalgamated together and bring out a standard format, taking into consideration, not just the physical and functional status but the whole individual with his contextual and environmental factors. As a physiotherapist, working in the rehabilitation team using the ICF will give me an opportunity to work holistically and view my patient with his/her complete health status. Acknowledging it and implementing a comprehensive rehabilitation protocol will help me to pave a successful outcome.
This model defines disability as a complication with an individual’s body structure or function, which affects the individual’s ability to carry out everyday tasks thus resulting in ‘restricted participation in the environment’ (Alperstein et al., 2009: 239). Dylan’s disability explains this model, as he has no function in his legs, which affects his ability to carry out everyday tasks e.g. being in an environment, which is not suitable for wheelchairs hence restricting his participation in those
Erik Erikson was one the founding figures in naming the human’s developmental stages. He stemmed his research off of his own life experiences. Today we use his framework for helping diagnose those with injuries with the best treatment possible. He was the person who coined the term “identity crisis” that we so often hear of today. In this paper I will first describe Erikson’s life and all his research, and then I will relate his work to occupational therapy.
There are six set standards of the nursing practice; assessment, diagnosis, outcome identification, planning, implementation, and evaluation (ANA, 2010; pp. 9-10). Throughout a typical shift on the unit I work for, I have set tasks I am expected to complete in order to progress the patient’s care, and to keep the patient safe. I begin my shift by completing my initial assessment on my patient. During this time, I am getting to know my patient and assessing if there are any new issues that need my immediate intervention. From here, I am able to discuss appropriate goals for the day with my patient. This may come in the form of increasing mobility by walking around the unit, decreasing pain, or simply taking a bath. Next, I plan when and how these tasks will be able to be done, and coordinate care with the appropriate members of the team; such as, nursing assistants and physical therapists. Evaluating the patient after any intervention assists in discovering what works and what does not for the individual. “The nursing process in practice is not linear as often conceptualized, with a feedback loop from evaluation to assessment. Rather, it relies heavily on the bi-directional feedback loop...
The Medical Model of disability has been the dominant paradigm of conceptualization disability: “For over a hundred years, disability has been defined in predominantly medical terms as a chronic functional incapacity whose consequence was functional limitations assumed to result from physical or mental impairment.” This approach to understanding disability tends to be more descriptive and normative by seeking out to define what is normal and what is not. Consequently, strict normative categories abound, namely the “disabled” and “abled” dichotomy. This model views the physiological difference itself as the problem, where the individual is the focus of that said disability.
People have created a hectic and busy world, that includes careers and daily activities that require physical activity. While attempting to attain the required physical conditioning, people often take chances with their personal health as they try to stretch their physical limits. Sometimes, people can surpass their current limits and form new boundaries; however, other times people are not so fortunate. These unfortunate times often lead to injury, including workplace accidents, sporting incidents, disease afflictions, as well as others; any or all of which could bring about the need of rehabilitation services. Many of these require physical therapy, which includes assisting injured or otherwise impaired patients as they recover to their pre-injury status or to recover as much as is physically possible. The field of physical therapy is a choice career for those who enjoy helping people recover from injury, and the following text will provide reason for choosing this profession.
Occupational therapist do not just work with the patient to help them overcome their disability to perform the appropriate way in their occupations, but need the full support of the family and environment of the patient. They work with children to help them achieve their developmental milestones as well as their parents and surrounding adults to facilitate to the child’s learning and development. The most crucial part of the child’s rehabilitation is the family’s support and involvement because even when the best program is provided, if there is no cooperation with the family, there will be no progress (Lady Suarez).
techniques, and promoting rehabilitation as an aid to full recovery. This is what Dr. Lyle J.
The goal for nurses as a profession is not only to be “patient advocates” but also assist the patient to learn and gain the necessary skills to achieve the best level of functioning for the patient based on their current illness. In order to help a patient achieve their optimal level of functioning the nurse must work with the patient and the interdisciplinary team to create a collaborative plan that is logical for the patient. Through examining a musculoskeletal disorder case study #35 from Preusser (2008), one can create a critical pathway for the patient, S.P. a 75 year old female, with severe rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and admitted to the orthopedic ward for a hip fracture status post fall (p. 183). Since the patient’s needs is unique and complex the nurse must tailor a plan with the patient which will include “…assessments, consultations, treatments, lifestyle changes, disease education…” in order for the patient have the most appropriate evidence-based care and make informed decisions when it is necessary (Oliver, 2006, p. 28). The aim for the nurse caring for the S.P. is to help prepare the patient for an upcoming procedure and focus care to the patient by gathering necessary information about her while. Collaboration with the patient, family members, rehabilitation, medical and surgical team about the treatment plans can help us provide proper patient’s care by utilizing actions and interventions within the scope and standards of the nursing practice.
Stroke and Spinal Cord Injury both have detrimental effects on the body function. Commonly, they result in some levels of muscle weakness and paralysis. The complications after a stroke or a spinal cord injury negatively impact not only the patients’ health, but their quality of life. Therefore, it is important that rehabilitation therapy starts at an early stage after the incidence to enable the patients to adapt to their new conditions and maximise their life. Physical activity and exercise program are one of the most important part of rehabilitation, which help the patients to achieve better health outcomes and lifestyle.
It could be said that in modern industrial society, disability is still widely regarded as a tragic individual failing, in which its “victims” require care, sympathy and medical diagnosis. Whilst medical science has served to improve and enhance the quality of life for many, it could be argued that it has also led to further segregation and separation of many individuals. This could be caused by its insistence on labelling one as “sick”, “abnormal” or “mental”. Consequently, what this act of labelling and diagnosing has done, is enforce the societal view that a disability is an abnormality that requires treatment and that any of its “victims” should do what is required to be able to function in society as an able bodied individual. The social model of disability argues against this and instead holds the view that it is society, not the individual, that needs to change and do what is required, so that everyone can function in society.
Physiotherapy in the ICU is a separate specialty. The clinical decision in this area is based on three main principals: a) knowledge of underlying pathophysiology and base for general care, b) normal and scientific evidence for therapeutic interventions, c) clinical experience.
Because of the ambiguity of the definition, there is a requirement to have the social model to help to provide the answers. As the social model illustrates how the social institutions, labels, and stereotypes impact the perceived abilities of a disabled person, it is shown that the definitions of what is “normal”, “good”, and “functional” all come from the current society in which the person lives. Additionally, as culture and these definitions change with time and new ideologies and technological advances, what defines a disabled person will also change with time. This is also true across cultures as there may be different requirements to be considered “functional” or in good health in other cultures. For instance, a man unable to walk may not be as hindered in his freedom of movement if he is only required to stay in a small local area, such as a village, in comparison to a large city. However, it is also important to point out that the social model requires the medical model as well because the social model fails to focus on the individual at a more micro level. A person may see others in a similar circumstance and react in a different
Physiotherapy can be described as an allied healthcare profession which aims to help restore movement and function after injury, illness or disability through the use of manual therapy, movement, exercise and education (Charter...
World Health Organization (2013). Media centre: Disability and health; Fact sheet 352 [website] available at World Health Organization website; who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs352/en/index.html (para.2-3) [accessed 3rd February 2014]
French, S. & Swain, J. 2008. Understanding Disability: A Guide for Health Professionals. Philadelphia: Churchilll Livingstone Elsevier: 4