This study is all about cooperative learning. The research found in literature review that very little work has been done in this area. This study amalgamate the concept of CTI (creation of knowledge, transfer of knowledge and integration of knowledge) developed by Zarraga and Gracia-Falcon (2003) and of Janz and Prasamphanich (2003) work. They conducted their research in Spain and USA respectively, while the present study is carried out in Pakistan. This study provides information about what the cooperative learning is, what are the requirements to generate cooperative learning in organizations? Further the study explored what will be the affect of cooperative learning on individual as will as on organizational outcome. The study also explain the term synergy. Employee autonomy and organizational climate are observed as antecedent of cooperative learning, while individual satisfaction and work performance are tested as outcome. To test the research model and hypothesis a software package LISREL is used. Data was collected from 127 professionals (information system development) working in software houses. The managerial implication and future research has been discussed in this study.
Keywords: cooperative learning, autonomy, organizational climate, satisfaction, performance, knowledge creation, knowledge transfer, knowledge integration, information system professional, team work, LISREL, structure equation model.
1. Introduction
The latest slogans in organizational change and development literature are Knowledge management and knowledge transfer (Politis, 2003). According to Janz and Prasamphanich (2003) the best way to improve performance is to develop learning environment and encourage the knowledge worker to work in coop...
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Teams have become integral parts and driving forces of success in organizations. A key common attribute among highly
Individuals have their own personalities that can influence their enthusiasm and productivity within an organization. In addition, individuals also form groups and are part of teams that work together to reach a common goal within organization. According to Gibson, Ivancevich, Donnelly, and Konopaske (2009) dedicated and cohesive teams can have a tremendous impact on organizations effectiveness and the global market. However, all of this happens within the frame-work of office politics and can hinder or enhance the organization’s effectiveness. Therefore, it is important to not only understand individuals, but also groups, teams and office politics within the organization. This will help leaders to plan, organize and motive individuals and groups for the best possible outcome for the organization.
Not all teams manage to execute their functions effectively or achieve all their goals. The performance of a team normally depends on some factors. There are a number of conditions that might also derail the progress made by a team. Hackman (2016) explores some of the common dysfunctions that might adversely affect the progress made by a team. The absence of trust can prove to be detrimental to the performance of various team members and even the general performance of the team. Without trust, it becomes difficult for team members to collaborate or forge effective work relations that are critical to the team’s performance. Hackman (2016) believes that the absence of trust is also a dysfunction with the potency to hamper the team’s well being.
With such a degree of team work expected by the organization so to should the human nature of individuals placed in such situations to form bonds and relationships beyond work be expected. The days of 9 to 5 with plenty of time in the evening and on weekends to interact with others socially are not as prevalent in today’s U.S. workforce. The U.S. works longer hours than other countries and takes shorter vacations if any at all compared to other countries.
It is obvious that people live in a big group around the world. This means that it is difficult for individuals to achieve complex goals alone, so people need to work together and use every one’s advantages to complete many tasks. Nowadays, “team” and “teamwork” are two popular words in our society. Especially in business, an effective team could have more successes in the workplace and make more profit for their organization. In order to make an organization successful, managers have to consider some questions about teams and teamwork management. Why do people work together? What benefits or advantages do individuals and organizations have from team and teamwork? The purpose of this essay is to analyze these problems by using knowledge and theories of management. Also, there is a personal example to explain the importance of teamwork and state personal views of team and teamwork.
In today’s environment of companies doing business in a global economy, teamwork is essential. “Employees working in effective teams help increase productivity, employee involvement, and contribution, while reducing costs and flattening organizational structure (Adams, 2003). In contrast, ineffective teams can cause increased costs, waste valuable time, and contribute to losses in market share (Ross, Jones, & Adams, 2008)” quotes Jean McAtavey and Irena Nikolovska in an article in Human Resource Development Quarterly. Today, teamwork is found in virtually all workplaces.
Zhihong, L., Zhu, T., & Fang, L. (2010, April). A study of the influence of organizational climate on knowledge-sharing behavior in IT enterprises. Journal of Computers, 5(4), 508-513.
Teams have been around for many years. It is vital for members who are a part of any team to work together so that their labor is not in vain. A major advantage for working cohesively as teams is greater output and interpersonal skills. The drawback of not working in uniformity can lead to project delays and time constraints. Organizations create teams with the purpose of fulfilling certain obligations and acquiring business success. Roming (1996) states that togetherness and dependability means that members within the team assist each other and the team. Which in turn, yields a better-quality product.
Knowledge oriented view of the organizations argue that knowledge and learning capacity influence the organizational performance and also direct the firm to achieve sustainable and continuous competitive advantage (Zhang, 2008). In last thirty years extensive research have been conducted on the OL and it has contributed a lot in the organizational development and change management, but still there is a little agreement on what is meant by the term OL and its nature. (Crossan, Lane & White, R.E, 1999; Huber, 1999 and Kim, 1993). The reason for this problem is that the OL has been studied by many disciplines and perspectives (Lopez, et al, 2006). According to (Argyris, 1995),” Learning occurs whenever errors are detected and corrected or when a match between intentions and consequences is produced for the first time.” (p.20). According to Huber (1991), when knowledge is acquired, information is spread, correctly analyzed, and recalled, organization learning eventually takes place. He further assumed that learning occurs in the organization if any of its unit acquires information useful to the organization. This is also supported by DeNisi & Griffin (2008) that “OL is the process by which the organization “learns” from past mistakes and adapts to its environment.”
challenge. The difficulty lies in finding and gathering superior knowledge and then getting employees, managers and departments to use the knowledge. How then is an organization to transfer knowledge to the many individuals who need it to optimize their productivity?
Organizational learning management is a system, which is used for tracking, allotting and reporting the training needs of all the employees (Dick, 2009). Recently, the role of organizational learning has increased. It is a powerful tool that ...
It causes them to think, plan and make decisions according to the team. In the past teamwork culture has taken a backseat. However with changing times, organizations understood the importance of nurturing and promoting the culture of teamwork (p.1). In order to promote teamwork, management leaders need to clearly communicate to everyone that the expectation of exceptional work is not just an individual level but at a team level and collaboration is expected out of every team (p.2). Teams that are demonstrating teamwork should be recognized. According to Conway (n.d) “ set expectations that bonuses, rewards, or compensation will vary depending on the collaborative practices adopted and followed by each team along with the individual achievements and contribution as a team member (p.2). Management should also share the outstanding achievements with other teams and organizations, so that people feel encouraged to participate and nature the team work culture
Teamwork is one of the important component that is required in any types of business organization . Team is defines as “a small number of people with complementary skills who are committed to the common purpose, performance goal, and approach for which they hold themselves mutually accountable”(katzenbach and Smith 1993) . Teamwork offer numbers of advantages like in teamwork work are completed earlier because large task are divided into smaller projects and then it find out an individual who is best for doing the jobs. Tasks that are smaller in size also need less time and brainpower then the work is less sporting to the people who are working. Teamwork also helps in combing the unique skills of people and makes them work efficiently. In a teamwork strength of different people are combined for the benefit of entire team and to produce better product and teamwork also help in building the unity among the group member .In a teamwork relationship play an important role because it helps people to communicate properly with one another whereas friendship helps in creating a job satisfaction. Support system is also important because if support system will be stronger than people will be comfortably depend on each other. These are the advantage of the teamwork but in teamwork there are also disadvantage like in teamwork there is an uneven participation of the members because they depend on other for doing the majority of work this can lead to hatred in the workplace. In a teamwork everyone is not team player, as they cannot perform well while team is working because they want to do their own so they might face problems to get fitted in a certain work culture, which will result in displeasure. In teamwork there is less creativity among th...