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Outline for white tailed deer research paper
Outline for white tailed deer research paper
Outline for white tailed deer research paper
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In the early 1900s, there were only 500,000 white-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus, in the United States (Insurance Institute for Highway and Safety, 2004). Since the settlers arrived, hunts for meat and hides have nearly caused the extinction of the white-tailed deer species. The beginning of the twentieth century marked a turning point in the human drive to save the deer. States began to limit hunting and preserve open space, which would have otherwise been used for agriculture. Today, white-tailed deer have exceeded their carrying capacity; a recorded 15 million deer populate the United States. Overpopulation of this species and its interactions with the environment have created a variety of problems, including excessive deer-automobile collisions (DVCs). The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety’s (2004) statistics show that around 1.5 million United States vehicles collide with deer every year, causing vehicle damage costs of over one billion dollars and nearly 14,000 injuries. State Farm announced that there are 200 DVC-related deaths yearly, which is likely to rise with a 7.7 percent increase in the number of DVCs in just one year, from 2011 to 2012 (Luedke, 2012). DVCs are the greatest concern related to deer around the country, especially in particular deer-abundant states.
In Virginia, the number of DVCs has increased substantially, as overpopulation of deer leads to a higher probability of such incidences. Reportedly, Virginia has the seventh highest number of DVCs in the United States. In Fairfax County alone, the total number of DVCs affecting people ranges from 18,000 to 25,000 a year (Hosnett et. al, 2008). The increasing number of DVCs is resulting in extreme costs. The average insurance claim of DVC- ...
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...tion density relationships for white-tailed deer in illinois. Wildlife Society, 26, 252-258.
Sedlmeier, P., & Gigerenzer, G. (1997). Institutions about sample size, the empirical law of large numbers. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 10, 33-51.
State Parks. (n.d.). Mason neck national wildlife refuge. Retrieved March 11, 2014, from State Parks website: http://www.stateparks.com/mason_neck_fairfax.html
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. (2011, September 11). Directions and contact info. Retrieved March 8, 2014, from U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service website: http://www.fws.gov/refuge/Mason_Neck/visit/directions.html
Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries. (2014). Virginia deer management program. Retrieved April 29, 2014, from Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries website: http://www.dgif.virginia.gov/wildlife/deer/deermanagementprogram.asp
There are too many deer in the Wesselman Woods. The deer have eaten all the flowers and other flora. There have also been 8 car crashes involving deer, this imposes a dangerous threat to the civilians of Evansville. The deer have been invading people’s yards and eating their gardens. The deer are causing many problems that can’t be solved until the deer population is reduced.
amount of game allowed to kill. Today we have an abundance of deer in Kentucky,
When people talk about deer, they are commonly talking about the North American Whitetail. That is because they are so prevalent in this country. They can be found in every state in the US. The only place where you will not find any whitetails is in parts of Arizona and California. In most states the whitetail is very prevalent, especially in the northeast. They are one of the most hunted animals in this area, particularly in Pennsylvania and Michigan. Despite the amount they are hunted, both in and out of season, you can not drive more than a few miles out of the towns without seeing one that was hit by a car. The deer population in this area just keeps growing. It is unclear what should be done to stop the over population of this beautiful creature. Perhaps different hunting seasons or longer seasons are the answer. Possibly we should focus more on the development of birth control for the female deer, or maybe repopulating wolves into the areas where the deer population is too great. Something has to be done.
White-tail deer are very unique animals that live in many different climates and ecosystems. They rely on most of the natural resources in woodland and grassland environments. These different environments can be manipulated greatly by the use of fire. Since deer are very important in the people best interest economically with the sport of hunting generating billions of dollars a year in the U.S., it is up to the people to help maintain the environment in which they live. Performing prescribed burns can increase food and cover availability along with many other advantages.
In 1989, there were 12,152 deer-vehicle accidents in the USA in which four people died and over 450 people were injured (7). What humans do not realize is the damage deer are causing to their environment, the human population, and themselves. Until a decision is reached regarding deer population control, the present state of overpopulation will continue to affect humans and the environment alike.
In Annie Dillard’s narrative, “The Deer at Providencia,” she reveals her awareness of and confusion regarding suffering by paralleling human and animal anguish and dignity. On a trip to Ecuador with a North American group in the village of Providencia, Dillard witnesses the suffering of a small deer. Her lack of reaction to the suffering deer stuns the travelers; however, Dillard intentionally conditions her awareness of suffering by encountering an article about a burn victim daily in America (M.S. 4) Posting the article on her mirror, Dillard strengthens her realistic perception regarding suffering and divulges her confusion regarding the ambiguity, inevitability, and vulnerability of agony for all beings. Recounting[SM2]
Since the beginning of time man has been hunting animals for food. Even before fire, man needed to hunt, because hunting was the only way to eat. At first man used things such as spears and rocks to kill its prey. As man evolved, they started using bows and arrows. Next came an early model of what we use today, the firearm. It is powerful yet easy to carry around. It puts the animal through less suffering and is a lot more efficient than previous techniques. Hunting was once a necessity, but now it is a tradition, passed on from father to son as a way to spend time together, enjoy the outdoors, and experience what our ancestors went through in hunting their dinner. Since it is considered a sport some think we are killing off the deer population, when in actuality, “While most other big-game species have declined with the spread of urbanization, the whitetail has been able to adapt to its ever-changing environment. Through the efforts of state agencies and conservation groups like Whitetails Unlimited, wildlife officials estimate today’s whitetail population to exceed 30 million” (www.whitetailsunlimited.org).
Coyotes and bears are a common sight in the woods. These animals, along with others, are predators that help to control deer population but also decrease the amount of land allowed to the deer. In Western NC, deer rates have fallen and bag limits have been reduced. In Pennsylvania, biologists have conducted a lengthy study to determine fawn mortality and predation. Predators killed 46% of fawns, (Hart). A study about coyotes in Ohio found that even though they kill numerous fawns, the population of deer continues to grow, (Hart). It would be critical to maintain...
White-tailed deer, also known as the whitetail, is native to the United States, Canada, Mexico, Central America, and South America as far south as Peru and Bolivia. What are the things called antlers and what are they made of? Deer antlers are made of bone. They grow from pedicles, bony bumps found on the heads of all deer, and they drop off after the mating season ends.
It is early in the morning; the majestic Elk bugles in the distance. The sun is kissing the tops of the peaks with the most beautiful gold, and painting the clouds rose red. The men and women who enjoy the outdoors whether it is hunting or just hiking help make these types of moments possible. Hunting and the ecosystem is tied closely to conservation of land and animals. The articles of “Hunting and the ecosystem” written by the South Dakota Game Fish and Parks Department (SDGFP), and “Facts and statistics on wildlife conservation” written by Roger Holmes, director of the Fish and Wildlife, touch on how hunting is important in the environment to keep a good balance in the ecosystem. They also point out how hunters do more than any other organization for wildlife and environment. Our country was created by outdoors men who hunted and they passed their knowledge of the outdoors to their kids. Hunting has worked its way down from the generation and we should learn to “pass it on” Hunting is great for the environment and wildlife and should be preserved for the ages to come.
United States. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. Chincoteague National Wildlife Refuge. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 2010. Web. .
Idaho Fish and Game. (n.d.). Fish and Game Idaho. Retrieved July 20, 2010, from www.fishandgame.idaho.gov/cms/hunt/wolf/wolfrules.pdf
The author provides information describing the deer population in parts of New Jersey; yet, he does not include any data regarding the population in the rest of the United States, nor does he include any sources of where this information was obtained. A reader may be more
With 4.5 million vehicles just passing through the park on the Trans Canada Highway, road mortality was a prominent issue (Evans, 2013). Highways, including those that are fenced, result in fragmentation of wildlife habitat, sensory disturbance, and obstruct wildlife diversity. Species are inherently part of a bigger more complex ecological system and require that
The topic that I chose to discuss is one that every state has adopted due to the acts that have been taken to preserve and protect our environment, so I chose the Endangered Species Act. The Endangered Species Act prohibits activities affecting threatened and endangered species. There are many organizations in place to enforce the authorities of this act and a couple of the main groups are the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, The National Oceans and Atmospheric National Marine Fisheries Services. In this assignment I will elaborate on the Parks and Wildlife efforts and policies on the Endangered Species Act. To put this Act or Law into order, there were strong actions that were threatening the environment for those that research and treat the animals. Since the 1960’s there have been motions to protect animals and in 1966 Congress passed the Endangered Species Preservation Act and bought its first endangered species habitat in Florida. Once again it was revised in 1969 and 1970, but in 1972, President Nixon declared that conservation efforts in the United States aim to prevent the extinction of species that brought together the 93rd Congress to develop comprehensive endangered species legislation. Congress responded and on December 28th the Endangered Species Act (ESA) of 1973 was signed and put into order.