Through a personal intrigue in 2002 physicist Andre K. Geim and a new Phd student were working on a late night project to discover how thin a sample of graphite they could extract from rocks. First using tape to clean dust and small debris from the rocks, they would polish the rocks down and measure them. Noticing that small flakes of graphite on the tape were actually thinner than anything they had previously measured, they shifted their focus to the remnants of graphite on the tape. A young physicist by the name of Kostya Novoselov then stepped into study the thin layers of graphite on the tape. By studying these flakes in great detail they were able to measure the properties of graphite for the first time. Exploring the properties of this new structure called graphene, set off a race of discovery leading many scientists and developers to put full interest into the studies. Graphene, a 2-dimensional, honey comb shaped, crystalline allotrope of carbon has many promising attributes that have the potential to thrust technology forward into the next evolution of electronics. In 2010 Geim and Novoselov received the Nobel Prize in Physics for their exhaustive work and discovery in the working properties of graphite and the advancement of graphene.
Geim and Novoselov may have for the first time measured the properties of graphene but they did not however discover the crystalline structure. That credit would be given to P.R. Wallace who in 1947 first explored the theory of graphene and propelled the understanding of the electrical properties of 3D graphite. In 1948 graphene materials just a few layers thick were observed with a Transmission Electron Microscope or TEM, by G. Ruess and F. Vogt. In 1962 Hoffman and his colleagues “isolat...
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The cathode ray tube was invented in 1875 by the name of Sir Williams Crooke. Yet he wasn’t the one to make the big discovery. In 1897, a man by the name of J.J. Thompson conducted a series of experiments to prove the existence of subatomic particles. He wasn’t 100% correct with all of his claims he made but broke the theory John Dalton stated that the smallest form matter could be broken down to was an atom. Having shown the world that there was smaller than an atom, it later caused others to question and dive even deeper.
William Shockley was born on February 13, 1910 in London, England. He is most famously noted for winning the Nobel Prize in physics in 1956. He won this for being the co-inventor of the transistor with John Bardeen and Walter Houser Brattain. Shockley’s parents were both Americans. His father, William Hillman Shockley, was a mining engineer born in Massachusetts. His mother, Mary Bradford, was a federal deputy surveyor of mineral lands. They returned to America when William was just a baby. They both were very encouraging for his love and passion for science, as well as his neighbor who was a professor of physics at Stanford. He got his B. Sc. Degree at the California Institute of Technology in 1932. Four years later he got his PhD from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). He wrote his doctoral thesis on the energy band structure of sodium chloride. The title of this thesis was “Calculation of Electron Wave Functions in Sodium Chloride Crystals.”
Molybdenum is not found in nature, and the compounds that can be found were, until the late 1700s confused with other elements, such as carbon and lead. In 1778 Carl Wilhelm Scheele discovered that molybdenum was separate from graphite and lead, and was able to isolate the oxide of the metal from molybdenite. Molybdenum was rarely used and stayed in the laboratory until the late 19th century. Plants and animals generally have molybdenum, present in very small amounts.
The amazing transformation the study of physics underwent in the two decades following the turn of the 20th century is a well-known story. Physicists, on the verge of declaring the physical world “understood”, discovered that existing theories failed to describe the behavior of the atom. In a very short time, a more fundamental theory of the ...
Thin solid films were probably first obtained in 1838 by electrolysis. They were systematically prepared by Faraday in 1857.
In chapter seven we learned about the electron structure of an atom. We learned about the Bohr model, electromagnetic energy, and many other related topics. In this essay I will explain in further detail what light really is and how we describe it. I will describe the behavior of electrons in both a hydrogen atom and all atoms. I will explain the arrangement of the elements in the periodic table, state which electrons are chemically important in atoms, and lastly I will describe the properties of atoms and their relation to their electron arrangements. The information provided will be my interpretation of the chapter, and my outlook on what this chapter was about.
Harald became the first of the Bohr brothers to earn a master’s degree. Niels earned his 9 months later. The students in his class had to submit a thesis on a subject assigned by their supervisor. Bohr’s supervisor was Christiansen, and the topic he gave them was the electron theory of metals. Bohr then elaborated his master’s thesis in to his much larger theory “Doctor of Philosophy” thesis. He questioned the literature on the subject ,settling on a model assumed by Paul Drude and elaborated by Hendrik Lorentz ,which stated in which the electrons on a meta; are considered to behave like a gas. Bohr enlarged Lorentz model, but still unable to account for singularities like the Hall Effect, and decided that the electron theory could not fully explain the magnetic properties of metals. The theory was directed in April of 1911, and Bohr conducted his defense in May of 1911. Bohr’s thesis was groundbreaking, but didn’t attracted much attention outside of Scandinavia because it was written in Danish, a Copenhagen University requirement at the time. In 1921 the Dutch physicist Hendrika Johanna van Leeuwen independently derived a theorem from Bohr’s theory and today that is known as the Bohr−van Leeuwen Theorem. In 1911 Bohr traveled to England, which was where most of theoretical work in the structures of atoms were being done. He met with J.J. Thomson of Cavendish Laboratory and Trinity College, Cambridge. He attended lectures on electromagnetism given by James jean and Joseph Larmor and decided to do some research on cathode rays, but failed to impress Thomson. He had more success with younger physicists like Australian William Lawrence Bragg, and New Zealand’s Ernest Rutherford, whose 1911 Rutherford method of the atom had challenged...
early 1990’s, no such material was known. In 1991, carbon nanotubes were discovered. Although not
24. Ujjal Kumar Sur, “Graphene: A Rising Star on the Horizon of Materials Science,” International Journal of Electrochemistry, vol. 2012, Article ID 237689, 12 pages, 2012. doi:10.1155/2012/237689
Diamonds earned its original name from the Greek word “adamas” that means "invisible" (Oldershaw, 2005) because it is considered as the most hard mineral that is cannot scratched in with other minerals. In addition, the diamond is a unique jewel of other gems as formed from a single chemical that is carbon. Furthermore, it is doubtful that diamonds actually contain chemicals that are similar to those of Graphite and charcoal. The difference is only in the process of formation where diamonds are crystallized in the form of a cube under the pressure of large earth pressure and high temperatures up to thousands of degrees Celsius. Thus, the bonds of the carbon atoms in diamond are very strong and uniform to produce crystals that ...
The photoelectric effect has a big effect on our daily lives. It is used in several important technological devices, like solar panels and anti-burglary sensors. The effect was discovered over a long period of time and several scientists’ research contributed to it, but Albert Einstein was the scientists who figured out a correct formula to determine the energy of a photoelectron (the electron that is ejected because of the photon that hits the electron in the atom)
Diamond is made up of carbon. Another form of pure carbon is graphite. Graphite is the stable form of carbon, found at the earth’s surface. Despite the fact that they have identical chemical composition, the two minerals are drastically different. Diamond is the hardest known substance and is usually light colored and transparent, while graphite is greasy, easily powdered, and very dark in color. Diamond is the hardest gem on Mohs’ hardness scale and graphite is the softest. Diamond is very hard because of its dense packing and interlocking atomic arrangement. Graphite, on the other hand, although it is the same element, is more loosely packed and has a six-sided, layered configuration, which makes it soft (Pough, 1991). The differences between graphite and diamonds are accounted for by the conditions in which they are created.
A Diamond is one of the two natural minerals that are produced from carbon. The other mineral is Graphite. Even though both of these minerals are produced from the same element ,carbon, they have totally different characteristics. One of the most obvious difference is that Diamond is hard and Graphite is soft. The Diamond is considered to be the most hardest substance found in nature. It scores a perfect ten in hardness. Because of its hardness a tiny Diamond is used as a cutting and drilling tool in industry. Even the Greeks called the Diamond “adamas” which means unconquerable. Diamonds also conducts heat better than any other mineral .
According to the de Broglie relation and Bragg's law, a beam of 54 eV had a wavelength of 0.167 nm. The experimental outcome was 0.165 nm via the grating equation, which closely matched the predictions. Davisson and Germer's accidental discovery of the diffraction of electrons was the first direct evidence confirming de Broglie's hypothesis that particles can have wave properties as well.