Extensive simulations were carried out on Fast ICA and proposed ICA with two speech mixtures each sampled at 16KHz.
5.1 Results of recorded speech mixtures
Speech signal is a supergaussian signal which has positive kurtosis value. Spiky probability density function with heavy tails is the important property of random variables of Supergaussian signals whereas Subgaussian signals have a flat probability density function. Most of the real world signals like engine noise are supergaussian in nature.The experimental results of the recorded speech signals are shown in Fig.4(a) –Fig 4(d).
Fig.4(a) and Fig 4(b) show mixture of two recorded speech signals each sampled at 4.8 KHz .Fig.4(c) and Fig. 4(d) show the extracted independent male and female speech components obtained through the proposed ICA algorithm. Because the defined algorithm should be capable of handling real-world sized instances, the 80000 samples are taken for processing.
5.1 Convergence Analysis
The convergence analysis is done from the simulation results obtained from NCsim Tool v10. Convergence speed represents the time taken for each of the algorithms to reach convergence. It is achieved when a vector w(k) and its updated vector w(k+1) are pointing in same direction. The proposed ICA takes 11 iterations and Fast ICA takes 18 iterations to reach convergence and to separate two recorded speech mixtures. Table 1 clearly depicts the convergence performance in terms of number of iterations.
Table 1 Convergence performance
ALGORITHM Number of Iterations Taken to Recover
1st speech 2nd speech
Fast ICA 11 18
Proposed ICA 11 11
The total computational time is 900ns for FastICA and 300ns for Proposed ICA. The convergence...
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... Component Analysis. IEEE Trans. Industrial Electronics, 54: 548-558. DOI: 10.1109/TIE.2006.885491
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To a certain extent I can agree to the Supreme Courts rule in who gets custody of the children. The mother of the two children did give them up without thinking of the consequences of her actions. The ICWA however has helped many people in their cases and selected rulings. Although we cannot reverse the past, there is still ways we can incorporate our support in correcting the way the system works.
Seikel, J. A., King, D. W., & Drumright, D. G. (2010). 12. Anatomy & physiology for speech,
In this essay I will draw on what I have learned from the Making Social Lives DVD and Learning Companion 1 to outline how material things favour the activities of some groups of people over others on a street that I know.
The federal government provides a protected status, Special Immigrant Juvenile Status (“SIJS”), to immigrant youth that cannot be reunited with one or both of their parents due to abuse, neglect, abandonment, or another similar basis under state law. In order for Tatiana to be eligible for SIJS, federal law requires that a “juvenile court” issue a special finings order, an order that states the necessary factual findings that are a perquisite to petition United States Citizenship and Immigration Services (“USCIS”) for SIJS.
Have you ever eaten something you’re not supposed to either accidentally, out of curiosity, or for some other reason? Something that was not meant to be eaten at all? Believe it or not, eating things that are not meant to be eaten, which can also be called nonfoods, on a daily basis or because of an obsession has been diagnosed as an eating disorder called pica. The word pica in Latin translates into magpie. This term was most likely coined because of the bird’s peculiar eating behaviors. Magpies have no preference for foods and/or nonfoods, and would eat anything it found interesting. Humans however, are slightly more picky compared to a magpie, as they only crave one specific type of nonfood when they have pica. It isn’t stated when exactly pica was first recognized by the medical community as an illness, as by the 16th century to the 20th century it was still regarded as a symptom, instead of an individual disorder.
Automatic speech recognition is the most successful and accurate of these applications. It is currently making a use of a technique called “shadowing” or sometimes called “voicewriting.” Rather than have the speaker’s speech directly transcribed by the system, a hearing person whose speech is well-trained to an ASR system repeats the words being spoken.
Stergiou, C., & Siganos, D. (2011, August 6). Neural Networks. Retrieved August 6, 2011, from
What do the following have in common? Dedication, commitment, raising awareness, fund-raising, and life saving programs? That's right! The ASPCA! This organization stands for American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. They have accomplished all of the above and much more. From providing millions of animals with adequate shelter, and the proper care they deserve, the ASPCA is a charitable organization that positively impacts the nation. People can only imagine the horror of having to give up a pet for reasons beyond their control, they would be devastated for sure. More importantly, they would want to find a place that would provide their pet with a loving home, and people who would care for it as they have. The ASPCA has a reputation that wouldn't leave pet owners with any doubts about the safety and well-being of their pets.
Three coordinate systems are utilized when attempting to locate a specific sound. The azimuth coordinate determines if a sound is located to the left or the right of a listener. The elevation coordinate differentiates between sounds that are up or down relative to the listener. Finally, the distance coordinate determines how far away a sound is from the receiver (Goldstine, 2002). Different aspects of the coordinate systems are also essential to sound localization. For example, when identifying the azimuth in a sound, three acoustic cues are used: spectral cues, interaural time differences (ITD), and interaural level differences (ILD) (Lorenzi, Gatehouse, & Lever, 1999). When dealing with sound localizaton, spectral cues are teh distribution of frequencies reaching teh ear. Brungart and Durlach (1999) (as seen in Shinn-Cunning, Santarelli, & Kopco, 1999) believed that as the ...
... of the carbon microphone that make is so distinct from all other electronic sender tones. With the combination of the real sound of a voice passing through the carbon microphone fused with the technology we have today, the model that is created by Oksanen and Valimaki and used by a range of producers “incorporates a filtered noise source to model the self-induced noise generated by the carbon microphones” (Oksanen, Valimaki 27). With the scientific ability our world has today, we are able to recreate a sound that was first discovered over a century ago. The development of the carbon button microphone definitely makes a statement about our ever-changing technological society. Although it was an object invented many years ago during the Second Industrial Revolution, it has been altered and improved and has therefore left an everlasting impact on our society.
as Hertz (Hz). The sounds of speech are in the range of 250 Hz to 4000
Every hour of every day, 365 days a year, and aeroplane takes off every few seconds somewhere on the face of the earth. People on the ground and in the air handle each and every one of these flights in the same way and the organisation responsible for setting these complex standards and procedures is the International Civil Aviation Organisation, which is a part of the United Nations Organisation. The ICAO is working on, among other things, improving the safety of the African air transport sector and implementing a new navigation standard worldwide in an attempt to achieve its aims.
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) began in 1989 in reaction to the developing interdependence among Asia-Pacific economies. At first this organization was a group that met unofficially. APEC now has become the crucial provincial conduit for encouraging open trade and realistic economic cooperation. It’s objective is to progress Asia-Pacific economic vitality and the essence of the people.
"The only thing necessary for the persistence of evil is for enough good people to do nothing." (Peter Benenson). Those words have reflected the reality of our world since the cavemen ages to the present time. If those words had been heeded, Germany wouldn't have advanced past Rhineland to cause World War 2. If those words had been followed, people in places like Burma or North Korea would have the right to express their opinions. If only all human beings followed that simple one sentence, our world would be a more beautiful, peaceful, and joyful place for everyone. However, it is never too late to change the way people listen to those words. Amnesty International, a non-governmental organization formed in 1961 is designated to stop the persistence of evil by helping all citizens in the world gain internationally recognized human rights such as freedom of speech, humane treatment of prisoners, the right to education, and they also make a global report each year to inform the world about human rights issues in each country.
Jurafsky, D. & Martin, J. H. (2009), Speech and Language Processing: International Version: an Introduction to Natural Language Processing, Computational Linguistics, and Speech Recognition, 2nd ed, Pearson Education Inc, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.