In history, the Modern Era is a time that is identify because profound changes marked the development of many cities. In the early modern era, cities grew through general economic grow throughout all Europe. The agriculture production increased as well as the production of rural commodities, which were used for trading. A new phenomenon called global trading was starting to emerge. The different European manufactures were exported to different destinations, and since “Urban economy relies in trade and manufacture the grow of these two activities favored urban growth.” Cities throughout all Europe were evolving, expanding and changing. “In Europe, the surge of industry during the mid- and late 19th century was accompanied by rapid population growth, unfettered business enterprise, great speculative profits, and public failures in managing the unwanted physical consequences of development.” However, as the industrialization was fostered, the congestion and the disorder were growing in the same way in the different European cities. Therefore, during this progressive era, efforts to improve the urban environment emerged from the recognition of the need of urban planning. The vision of a modern Paris saw these conflicts as opportunities to push urban development in new directions.
The urban planning in Paris was going lo allow the design and the regularization of the uses of space that focused in the physical form, economic functions, and social impacts of the urban environment and the location of different activities. As Paris was expanding, the population was growing, and the urban planning was evolving, the city started changing, not only in the sense of infrastructure but also as society. As time passed, changes became visib...
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Romantic art and its greatest artist. Information taken in March 10th, 2014 from the website: http://www.famousartistsfanclub.com/romantic-art.html
Art History- Romanticism. Information taken in March 10th, 2014 from the website: http://arthistory.about.com/od/renaissancearthistory/a/Romanticism-101.htm
Characteristics of Romanticism. Information taken in March 10th, 2014 from the website: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/romanticism-characteristics-of-romanticism.html
Engulfed by an Endless Solitude. Information taken in March 10th, 2014 from the website: http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052748704852004575258670001864254
Caspar David Friendrich, Wanderer Above the Sea of Fog. Information taken in March 10th, 2014 from the website: http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/cas/his/CoreArt/art/rom_fri_wand.html
called the New Paris, or the modern capital of Europe. The streets , buildings and the services
In chapter 8, the author Barry Bergdoll has written about how urban planners were reinventing new concepts to change and improve urban life as well as solve problems relating to poverty and congestion. The author continues the chapter discussing further in depth problems that occurred in Paris, France. For example, due to the narrow streets in Paris it limited and prevented military officers from stopping riots. However, for Napoleon Bonaparte the narrow streets were in his favor when he overthrew the government. Additionally, Napoleon Bonaparte had a goal to create a new more Modernist architecture layout for Medieval Paris by replacing the old layout. Also, Napoleon Bonaparte’s vision for the city of Paris included widen streets, so that
During the last half of the 1800’s and the early part of the 1900’s urban population in western Europe made enormous increases. During this period France’s overall population living in cities increased twenty percent, and in Germany the increase was almost thirty percent. This great flow of people into cities created many problems in resource demands and patterns of urban life. These demands created a revolution in sanitation and medicine. Part of this revolution was the redesigning of cities. G.E. Baron Von Haussmann was the genius behind the new plans for the city of Paris.
Galitz, Kathryn Calley. "Romanticism". In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/roma/hd_roma.htm (October 2004)
Basic city structure in Europe towards the end of the nineteenth century was heavily influenced by the “second Industrial Revolution”(also known as the Technological Revolution), which brought along new materials, sources of energy, and goods for trading. Newly constructed factories and demand for industrial jobs led to mass urbanization. Many rural people flowed towards urban areas to find work. The creation of new industrial jobs contributed to a rising middle class, and the growing populations of economically powerful cities such as London and Paris encouraged the swapping of new ideas and scientific study.
Haussmann separated the city by making it into a geometric grid, with the majority of his "Grands Boulevards" running east to west and north to south. This plan brought a new symmetry to Paris, which it desperately needed. The narrow, winding streets that Paris was kn...
The Industrial Revolution in the 19th and 20th centuries had a great impact on the economy of North America in positive and negative ways. There were many inventions that contributed to the efficient completion of work tasks during the Industrial Revolution. In so doing, these inventions led to a significant growth in the economy and a dramatic improvement in the quality of life of people during that era and beyond. With the creation of jobs, the Industrial Revolution sophisticated North America, in that, “Many people moved away from the rural areas and turned to the cities” (Industrial Revolution Timeline). With some experiencing more wealth they were able to move out of the city, “By building mansions on large plots of land at the edges of the cities or in the countryside” (Urbanization of America). The poorer individuals moved into the old houses transformed to low-rent apartments by affluent landlords who did not maintain these properties well and there was overcrowding causing the spread of diseases. The growth of the city out-proportioned local government services, “The growth of cities outpaced the ability of local governments to extend clean water, garbage collection, and sewage systems into poorer areas, so conditions in cities deteriorated” (Urbanization of America). The Industrial Revolution had a great impact on North
Gardner, Helen, and Fred S. Kleiner. Gardner's Art Through the Ages: The Western Perspective. N.p., 2014. Print.
Early modern Europe, specifically Spain and England, was going through major growing pains in the period before discovery and settlement of the New World. Recovery from the Black Plague, religious reformation, and newly formed nation-states were on the forefront of these changes. The political environment, economy, and religion were all intertwined during the upheaval of the Old World which proved to be a driving force in the search for and eventual settlement of new lands.
Again, this section will give a working definition of the “urban question’. To fully compare the political economy and ecological perspectives a description of the “urban question” allows the reader to better understand the divergent schools of thought. For Social Science scholars, from a variety of disciplines, the “urban question” asks how space and the urban or city are related (The City Reader, 2009). The perspective that guides the ecological and the social spatial-dialect schools of thought asks the “urban question” in separate distinct terminology. Respected scholars from the ecological mode of thinking, like Burgess, Wirth and others view society and space from the rationale that geographical scope determines society (The City Reader, 2009). The “urban question” that results from the ecological paradigm sees the relationship between the city (space) as influencing the behaviors of individuals or society in the city. On the other hand...
19th century Europe experienced rapid urbanization due to the Industrial Revolution. The invention of the steam engine, which burned coal for power, lessened the need to build factories near fast moving rivers to supply power and increased the pull of the cities which were conglomerations of industries. In the 19th century, Western Europe experienced rapid urbanization which not only resulted in opportunities to move up in social classes but also posed problems of a rising death rate. The boundaries between classes became blurred as the rich middle class and urban working class provided education for their children. Along with the opportunities for the lower classes was the state government’s inability to keep up with rapid urbanization, causing
Consumer culture plays a key role in the economy. Today, the ways in which urban spaces are arranged facilitate the consumption of goods. One only needs to look to modern cities such as New York, London or Tokyo in order to recognise the countless forms of advertisement intended to lure the mass population into spending money on various merchandises, from novelty items to luxury products. The use of built structures to facilitate the display of retail products for the consumption of the masses is nothing new. After its renovation, Paris became a model innovative city planning and construction for a lot of modern cities that exist today. The wide boulevards and open spaces engaged the mass population and encouraged consumerism.
Walling, William, Kroeber, Karl. Images of Romanticism: Verbal and Visual. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1978.
Urbanization in developed countries in the West differs between the periods of before and after the Industrial Revolution. Before the revolution, the pre-capitalism cities were the center for government power and commercial activities. They emphasized communal living. However, together with the appearance of the Industrial Revolution and capitalism, cities experienced sudden increase of population. And, that increase caused socioeconomic change that the importance of communal living diminished and relationships became capitalistic. The traditional relationship between people changed to impersonal and instrumental social relationship.
The industrial Revolution, starting in late 18th century, had a significant urbanizing effect. Industrialization is the basic driving force of urbanization and urbanization, cities, are the important land for industrialization. Industrialization and urbanization are just like brothers that grow and develop together and developed each other (Lexicon Universal Encyclopedia, 1997). Industrialization is the initiator of urbanization and urbanization is the inevitable result of industrialization. The inventions of railroad tracks, automobiles, telephones, airplanes and electricity are a part of industrialization and the growth of cities, urbanization, during the late 1800s and early 1900s.