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Gas chromatography research paper
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What is Gas Chromatography? Gas Chromatography also known as vapor-phase chromatography (VPC), or gas–liquid partition chromatography (GLPC) is most widely used analytical technique in the world; it is used for the separating and analysing compounds that can be vaporized without decomposing. Among its uses are being able to test the purity of a substance, being able to separate different components in a mixture and help in environmental contaminant identification . This can lead to GC being able to help identify an unknown compounds. The goal purpose of GC is to separate the mixtures into individual components that can be detected and measured one at a time. A plot of the detector output is called a chromatogram, which charts the detector’s response as a function of time, showing the separate components All chromatography involves the stationary phase and the mobile phase. After injection of a mixture, separation is achieved in the capillary column. This column is coated with a fluid or a solid support, the stationary phase The carrier gas (mobile phase) propels the sample down the column where the separation process occurs. The use of flow meters and pressure gauges are helpful to maintain constant gas flow. As the carrier gas plays an important role it is best that it is dry, free of oxygen and that it does not react with the sample or column. There are different types of columns used packed columns and capillary columns; the capillary is more commonly used as a only a small sample is need and it analyses faster. This will be essential to produce strong and accurate results. Hydrogen (H) generally is a good carrier gas but; it may react and convert the sample into another substance. The choice of carrier gas may hinge on the ... ... middle of paper ... ....37 °C. (Taken from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ethanol-2D-flat.png) In conclusion Gas Chromatography has many uses to separate and analyse compounds and to be able find separate components in a mixture to identify any unknown components. Because of it's simplicity and effectiveness it is one of the most important tools to chemistry. Like most analytical techniques it has its advantages such as not being harmful to the sample be used and disadvantages such as not being particularly use with liquids that change temperate easily. References http://www.justchromatography.com/chromatography/gc http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Analytical_Chemistry/Instrumental_Analysis/Chromatography/Gas_Chromatography#Sample_Injection http://www.scientific.org/tutorials/articles/gcms.html http://www.innovationservices.philips.com/sites/default/files/materials-analysis-gcms.pdf
The objective of this experiment was to perform extraction. This is a separation and purification technique, based on different solubility of compounds in immiscible solvent mixtures. Extraction is conducted by shaking the solution with the solvent, until two layers are formed. One layer can then be separated from the other. If the separation does not happen in one try, multiple attempts may be needed.
The purpose of the experiment was to use the method of simple distillation to separate hexane, heptane, and a mixture of the two compounds into three different samples. After separation, gas chromatography determined the proportions of the two volatile compounds in a given sample.
The distance of the initial extract line to a pigment band was divided by the distance of the marked solvent front to the initial extract line both were measured in cm. The RF (relative to front) was calculated for each pigment band, indicating the travelled distance between the pigment and the front (solvent line) on the chromatography
The history and theory of the gas chromatography started over forty years ago with the invention of the capillary column. The gas chromatograph offers rapid and very high-resolution separations of a very wide range of compounds, with the only restriction that the analyzed substance needs to have sufficient volatility. The theory behind the mass spectrometer is to use the difference in mass-to-charge ratio (m/e) of ionized atoms or molecules to separate them from each other. Mass spectrometry is therefore useful for quantitation of atoms or molecules and also for determining chemical and structural information about molecules. Molecules have distinctive fragmentation patterns that provide structural information to identify structural components.
There are a number of examples of works done before the twentieth century in which experiments were conducted. However, Michael Tswett used column liquid chromatography in which the stationary phase was a solid adsorbent packed in a glass column and the mobile phase was a liquid. He conducted experiments on extracts of chlorophyll in gasoline oil over 100 adsorbents. Most of these adsorbents are now no more important. Interestingly, the list of the inclusion of materials such as silica, alumina, carbon, calcium carbonate, magnesia and sucrose are still in use. He also confirmed the identity of the fractions obtained by the spectrophotometry at different wavelengths thus anticipating the most common mode for in liquid chromatography. In 1910 Tswett obtained his Doctrate degree and his doctoral research paper was published as a monogram which once again demonstrated his ideas for further development and improvement. That monogram marked the end of his chromatographic work. This is not surprising, because he was a botanist and chromatography is only a means and not an end. Chromatographic techniques had been ignored until 1930. One of the few exceptions was the work of an American L.S. Palmer, who in 1930 published his work for the description of the separation af plant and other dairy pigments. There are several reasons for the lack of interest in chromatography , for the moment, the main thing is that it
This lab was designed so that we, the students, could learn how to determine the molar volume of a gas effectively.
The task of this lab is to create and analyze hypotheses of the different relationships between the properties of gasses. These properties include temperature, pressure and volume. The ideal gas law is the source for many of these hypotheses and are tested through the various known laws of gasses. Such laws include Lusaacs Law, Charles Law and Boyles Law. The data, gathered from the results of the experiments mentioned above, was then graphed to show the relationship between the properties that gasses inhibit. The data provided was also utilized to derive a proportionality constant, k. Pressure rises when temperature rises, pressure rises when volume falls and volume rises when temperature rises. All of these outcomes were observed during the
The Thin layer chromatography is one of the oldest techniques which is used to identify what is present in an unknown mixture. It is a very useful technique for research,forensics,environmental testing, and many more fields because it is simple and inexpensive way to analyze small samples. In this experiment two compounds (solid) were used ferrocene and acetylferrocene. In the first step 50 ml of 2:8 diethyl ether/petroleum ether was placed in an erlenmeyer flask covered with a parafilm paper to avoid evaporation. Then the glass column was prepared placing a small cotton on the bottom of the glass column and then added a small amount of sand , wich will give the stationary phase an even base and prevent concentration and streaking of the bands
Ethylene Glycol was first discovered in 1859 by a French chemist named Charles Adolphe Wurtz. Ethylene Glycol original purposes were to use them as raw material that manufactured polyester fibers and for antifreeze formulations. It's mainly used for industrial coolants for gas compressors, heating, ventilating, air conditioning systems, and ice skating rinks. Ethylene Glycol is an organic compound belonging to the diols family. The chemical properties are its melting point which is 8.78F, boiling point 387.1F, state at room temperature -12.9C, and its density 1.11g/cm3. The common name is Ethylene Glycol but also know has ethanediol, 1,2-Hydroxyethanal, and Monoethylene Glycol.
The molar mass of butane gas (C4H10)can be obtained theoretically by using a periodic table, but by rearranging the ideal gas law equation (PV = nRT) to n =PVRT, the experimental molar mass of butane gas can be found. In the equation, P= pressure in atmosphere, V= volume in liters, n= moles, R= 0.0821, and T= temperature in kelvin. To find the values for the equation, the mass of the butane released from a pressurized container and the volume of that gas will be found, and the method of water displacement at room conditions will be used to find the rest of the values. Then, the molar mass will
After performing the first Gas Chromatography, we took the organic layer, and mixed it with saturated Sodium Hydroxide. We performed this step to remove the (-OH) group from the Eugenol. The purpose was to make the water as a product, which can also be used as a solvent for the Eugenol that was ionized, for the two substances Acetyl Eugenol and Beta Caryophyllene. Again, we see the density differences in the solvents; we were able to take the organic layer. Finally, we transferred the layer into the beaker and dried, to perform the Gas Chromatography
HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography) is an analytical technique which separates a complex mixture of components into its specific individual components. It is a powerful tool in analysis, as it combines high speed with extreme sensitivity compared to traditional methods of chromatography because of the use of a pump which creates a high pressure and forces the mobile phase to move with the analyte in high speed. It is been used as a principle technology in various automated analyzers used for diagnostic purpose.
It is used for separation of polar/charged/hydrophilic molecules. We can separate macromolecules like proteins, amino acid or nucleotides through ion chromatography. Mobile phase and liquid phase can be of different type i.e., it can be liquid, gas or solid but here Mobile phase is liquid and stationary phase is solid. Mainly the column chromatography is used for this purpose. Column chromatography means we construct columns of polymers like cellulose or
Materials and Methods: An ion exchange chromatography column was obtained and set up for purification with the addition of 0.5 ml ion exchange matrix. 1 ml
is impossible to specify a single best method to carry out a given analysis in