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Importance of conservation of natural resources
Importance of conservation of natural resources
What does the discipline of environmental science study
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SEMESTER 7 08P701 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING (Also common with 08L602/ 08Z602/ 08I602/ 08D602/08M701/ 08E701/ 08Y701/ 08T701/ 08A701/ 08B701) 3 0 0 3 NATURAL RESOURCES, ECOSYSTEMS AND BIODIVERSITY: Environment - Definition, scope and importance – Forest resources: Use and overexploitation, Water resources: Use and over-utilization, dams-benefits and problems – Energy resources: Growing energy needs, renewable and non renewable energy sources, use of alternate energy sources.– Land resources: land degradation – Role of an individual in conservation of natural resources Ecosystem – Structure and function – Ecological succession – Introduction to various ecosystems. Biodiversity – Definition and types – Threats to Biodiversity in India …show more content…
(6) Total 42 TEXT BOOKS: 1. Santhosh Kumar Garg, Rajeswari Garg and Ranjani Garg, “Environmental Science and Ecological Studies”, Khanna Publishers, Second Edition, New Delhi, 2007. 2. Deswal S and Deswal A, ”A Basic Course in Environmental Studies”, Dhanpat Rai & Co, First Edition, Delhi, 2004. 3. Kurian Joseph and Nagendran R,” Essentials of Environmental Studies”, Pearson Education Pvt ltd., First Edition, Delhi, 2004. REFERENCES: 1. Gilbert M Masters, “Introduction to Environmental Engineering and Science”, Pearson Education Pvt. Ltd., Second Edition, 2004. 2. Cunningham, Cooper W P and Gorhani T H, “Environmental Encyclopedia”, Jaico Publ., House, Mumbai, 2001. 3. Tivedi R K, “Handbook of Environmental Laws, Rules, Guidelines, Compliances and Standards”, Vol. I and II, Enviro Media., …show more content…
(5) ABRASIVE MACHINING PROCESSES: Description of the Equipment, nozzles, metal removal rate and application of abrasive jet machining, water jet machining, abrasive water jet machining, abrasive flow machining. (7) ELECTRON BEAM AND PLASMA ARC MACHINING: Production of electron beam, description of the apparatus, application of electron beam machining, process principles, equipments, effect of process parameters, processes capabilities, Generation of plasma arc, description of the equipment, process parameters, applications and limitations. (6) LASER BEAM MACHINING (LBM): Laser beam production, description of the apparatus, thermal features, cutting speed, accuracy, three dimensional machining, applications, laser beam welding. (4) ELECTRICAL DISCHARGE MACHINING (EDM): Description of the EDM equipment, electrical circuits, electrolytes, electrode materials, metal removal rate, applications, Electric Discharge Wire Cutting: process principle, equipment, effect of process parameters, process capabilities, and applications in die making. (6) ELECTRO CHEMICAL MACHINING (ECM): Description of the equipment, chemistry of the process, electrolytes, metal removal rate, accuracy and surface finish obtained, Electro chemical grinding equipment, application, electro chemical deburring and honing, chemical etching process, applications.
Plasma cutting is a method of cutting through metals by means of an accelerated jet of hot plasma, using a plasma torch. It is a process that is extremely essential for the shaping of metals through cutting away unwanted parts.
Sapayan, Salud. "Ways in Preserving the Environment." Ezine Articles. 1 May 2009. Web. 25 Sept. 2011. http://ezinearticles.com/?Ways-in-Preserving-the-Environment&id=2463133
Wright, R. T., & Boorse, D. F. (2011). Environmental science: Toward a sustainable future (11th ed., pp. 349-369). Boston: Benjamin Cummings.
Electro discharge machining (EDM) is a non-conventional process used in industry for machining various intricate shapes. This process is known for machining hard and brittle conductive metallic materials as it can melt any electrically conductive material regardless of hardness at about 8000-12000 °C. History shows that, in 1770, an English scientist Joseph Priestley discovered that electrical discharge could erode metal. Then another 173 years later in 1943, two scientists Lazarenko and Lazarenko discovered that submerging electrodes in dielectric fluid made it possible to control erosion from electrical discharge. This discovery resulted in the development of the world’s first EDM machines as a non-traditional machining process. Since then
Raven, Peter H., Linda R. Berg, and David M. Hassenzahl. "Wiley: Environment, 6th Edition." Wiley: Home. Web. 05 Feb. 2012. .
There are number of methods to fabricate MEMS like silicon surface micromachining, silicon bulk machining, electro discharge machining, LIGA (in German, Lithographie, Galvanoformung(Electro Plating), Abformung(Injection Moulding)) .Only silicon surface micromachining is discussed here.
Machining is the most widespread metal shaping process in mechanical manufacturing industry. All over the world, machining operations such as turning, milling, boring, drilling and shaping consume large amount of money annually (Sharma et al., 2009). Material cutting also known as machining is one of the most used techniques for producing different components. In the machining processes a cutting tool removes material from a workpiece of a less resistant material. The removed material called chip or swarf slides on the tool face and leaves the workpiece material. As a result of this process the cutting tool would be subjected to high normal and shear stresses (Shokrani et al., 2012). Most of the mechanical energy used to form the chip becomes
Withgott, J., & Brennan, S. (2011). Environment: the science behind the stories (4th ed.). San Francisco, CA: Pearson Benjamin Cummings.
Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster, Inc., 2007. Dudley, William, ed., pp. 113-117. Biodiversity. San Diego, CA: Greenhaven Press, Inc., 2003.
Gazzale, L (2007), retrieved January 22, 2007 from University of Phoenix, Main MBA501 week five environmental scanning thread
A schematic diagram of Single point cutting tool is shown in the Figure 2. Turning machines, typically referred to as lathes, can be found in a variety of design and size. Usually horizontal turning machines are used, sometimes vertical machines also used typically for large diameter work pieces. Turning machines can also classify based upon the type of control that is offered. A manual lathe, which frequently requires continuous supervision by the operator, or by using a computer-controlled machine, better known as CNC (computer numerical control). In CNC Machines the work piece rotates and the cutting tool moved based on commands that are preprogrammed and offer very high precision. So this process mainly used to produce cylindrical, typically axi-symmetric, various diameter steps, parts that have many features such as holes, threads, tapers, grooves, and even contoured
According to World WildLife Fund, many ecosystems around the world are being destroyed, eliminating many plant and animal species that inhabit them (“Pollution”).
Glazewski, J.A. 2005. Environmental law in South Africa. 2nd ed. Cape Town: Butterworth publishing. 665 p.
Ranganathan, J. et al. (2008). Ecosystem Services a Guide for Decision Makers. World Resources Institute.
Biodiversity is so important that if any chain or link is disturbed then the whole system will come to a halt. Biodiversity also boosts ecosystem productivity and if it declines automatically our ecosystem also declines as both are interdependent upon each other, where all the species play an essential role in the way ecosystem functions, so local and global species loss could threaten the stability of the ecosystem services on which humans depend. This is an interesting topic as well as a global issue concerning the whole human civilization and their existence. . The said issue as well as many other issues regarding our natural processes cannot be neglected as our present and future depends entirely on the sustainability and growth of this ecosystem and biodiversity. Our ecosystem completely depends on the way biodiversity functions. This is the reason I have chosen this topic and gathered information about how it e...