In today's medicine, correctly and quickly identifying a patient's illness is essential for proper treatment. In order to execute this, biochemical tests of various magnitudes are used to identify what a patient may be infected with. In our lab, we received an unknown sample of urine. After several biochemical tests, we determined our unknown specimen to be Enterobacter aerogenes. This particular bacterium is gram-negative, with rod shaped morphology. In order to determine whether our specimen was gram-positive or negative, we conducted a gram stain. After analyzing the resulting dyed smear on the slide, pink, rod-shaped bacteria were prominent. We next created a streak plate in order to grow our particular specimen and isolate colonies from it. Our streak plate was grown on MacConkey agar, which is used to differentiate between lactose fermenters from non-lactose fermenters. It also selects for …show more content…
It is commonly found in the human gastrointestinal tract, soil, wastes, and often hygienic chemicals ("Enterobacter Aerogenes"). It often found on stainless steel or copper surfaces in great quantities. Therefore, making sure all appliances and equipment in hospitals are sterile in order to decrease possibility of nosocomial infections. Common equipment found contaminated with the bacteria are parenteral nutrition solutions, digital thermometers intravenous catheters, mechanical ventilators, and dialysis equipment (Jha 2016). Enterobacter aerogenes is primarily known to cause skin and eye infections. It also can cause urinary-tract-infections and lower-respiratory infections. Individual who remain in the hospital for extensive periods and the dialysis unit are most prone to acquiring an infection from enterobacter aerogenes (Jha 2016) As a result, proper personal protection (PPI) equipment and hand washing around those who are infected is
After 48 hours of incubation the agar plates were viewed. Individual colonies were tested for successful isolation by gram staining and then viewing the stained bacteria under a microscope. Isolation was successful. One colony of each unknown bacteria was transferred to an agar slant for growth. The agar slants were stored at room temperature over the weekend so that they would not grow too much.
Living organisms undergo chemical reactions with the help of unique proteins known as enzymes. Enzymes significantly assist in these processes by accelerating the rate of reaction in order to maintain life in the organism. Without enzymes, an organism would not be able to survive as long, because its chemical reactions would be too slow to prolong life. The properties and functions of enzymes during chemical reactions can help analyze the activity of the specific enzyme catalase, which can be found in bovine liver and yeast. Our hypothesis regarding enzyme activity is that the aspects of biology and environmental factors contribute to the different enzyme activities between bovine liver and yeast.
The purpose of this study is to identify an unknown bacterium from a mixed culture, by conducting different biochemical tests. Bacteria are an integral part of our ecosystem. They can be found anywhere and identifying them becomes crucial to understanding their characteristics and their effects on other living things, especially humans. Biochemical testing helps us identify the microorganism present with great accuracy. The tests used in this experiment are rudimentary but are fundamental starting points for tests used in medical labs and helps students attain a better understanding of how tests are conducted in a real lab setting. The first step in this process is to use gram-staining technique to narrow down the unknown bacteria into one of the two big domains; gram-negative and gram-positive. Once the gram type is identified, biochemical tests are conducted to narrow down the specific bacterial species. These biochemical tests are process of elimination that relies on the bacteria’s ability to breakdown certain kinds of food sources, their respiratory abilities and other biochemical conditions found in nature.
One of the most primitive actions known is the consumption of lactose, (milk), from the mother after birth. Mammals have an innate predisposition towards this consumption, as it is their main source of energy. Most mammals lose the ability to digest lactose shortly after their birth. The ability to digest lactose is determined by the presence of an enzyme called lactase, which is found in the lining of the small intestine. An enzyme is a small molecule or group of molecules that act as a catalyst (catalyst being defined as a molecule that binds to the original reactant and lowers the amount of energy needed to break apart the original molecule to obtain energy) in breaking apart the lactose molecule. In mammals, the lactase enzyme is present
The purpose of this project was to identify unknown bacteria species from a mixed culture. The two unknown species were initially plated onto Tryptic Soy Agar (TSA), Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB), Mannitol Salt Agar (MSA), and blood agar plates to distinguish between the two different bacteria using colony size, color, shape, and growth characteristics. By identifying and inoculating the differing types of colonies, the two unknown bacteria were purified and able to be tested
Planaria are one of many free-living flat worms that can be found in marine, aquatic, and terrestrial environments. Certain characteristics of planaria worms include an acoelomate body, a gut with no anus, lack of a blood vascular system, and a simple nervous system. The main reason as to why planaria are subjected to many studies is because of their unique ability to regenerate. Regeneration is the ability to re-grow lost body parts that may have been cut off. This is possible because the organism has the ability to form a blastema, which is an accumulation of undifferentiated cells, at the site of the wound. Regeneration is capable of occurring at various degrees throughout the animal kingdom. This unique process would never be able to be seen in human beings. Humans and other mammals
This line graph shows how some phenotypes were more successful than others. This is an accurate representation of natural selection. The dark blue, pink, and orange phenotypes became extinct before the experiment was even finished. The successful phenotypes were green, purple, and yellow.
The background of a gram negative will show layers of the cell wall that hold layers that are peptidoglycan and it also shows that this bacteria has an outer layer that is asymmetrical bilayer (Oliver,2017, p. 33-34). The gram negative rod appeared pink with a thin-long stretched out circular shape. This appeared on the slide once the correct magnitude was place and oil was added. From the results of the gram stain, many of the bacteria were crossed of the chart and it only left two microbes. These two organisms which were Escherichia coli and Enterobacter aerogenes made it difficult to choose from because some of the test matched for both organisms. From the start, it was a difficult choice at first. The result seemed that it could have been E.aerogenes, but with studying the results the choice of E.coli fit all the results more than the first
Nursing diagnosis Hospital acquired infections are spread by numerous routes including contact, intravenous routes, air, water, oral routes, and through surgery. The most common types of infections in hospitals include urinary tract infections (32%), surgical site infections (22%), pneumonia (15%), and bloodstream infections (14%). a. (book). The most common microorganisms associated with the types of infections are Esherichila coli, Enterococcus species, Staphylococcus auerus, Coagulase-negative staphylococci, or Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Urinary tract infections occur when one or more microorganisms enter the urinary system and affect the bladder and/or the kidneys.
Enterococcus faecalis is a genus of gram positive cocci and form short chains or are arranged in pairs. They are nonmotile, facultative anaerobic organisms and can survive in harsh conditions in nature. There are over 15 species of the Enterococcus genus but about 90% of clinical isolates are E. faecalis. E. faecalis is a nosocomial pathogen because it is commonly found in the hospital environment and can cause life-threatening infections in humans. It is a bacterium that normally inhabits the intestinal tract in humans and animals but when found in other body locations it can cause serious infections. The most common sites for E. faecalis infections are the heart, bloodstream, urinary tract, and skin wounds. Due to vancomycin-resistant Enterococci, many antibiotics have been shown ineffective in the treatment. In this paper, I will describe the ecology and pathology of E. faecalis; the antibacterial resistance; treatment; and, what you can do to prevent Enterococcus infection.
It is important to know the identification of the E. aerogenes bacteria because it is pathogenic and it is known to cause infections.
Farmers around the world may not be able to afford fertilizers because of high cost. Anyone that has recently visited a nursery can verify how expensive chemical and organic fertilizers have become. However, there is another plentiful and inexpensive fertilizer alternative: human urine. Human urine contains very few, if any pathogens. However, it contains the majority of plant fertilizing nutrients. Human urine contains high levels of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), and sulfur (S). An additional benefit of using human urine, is that you are collecting it instead of flushing it, saving gallons and gallons of water.
LAB REPORT 1st Experiment done in class Introduction: Agarose gel electrophoresis separates molecules by their size, shape, and charge. Biomolecules such as DNA, RNA and proteins, are some examples. Buffered samples such as glycerol and glucose are loaded into a gel. An electrical current is placed across the gel.
Thomas J. Sandora and Donald A. Goldmann (2012) believe that basic infection control procedures are the way to decrease and stop antibiotic resistant bacteria strains from spreading and developing. Proper handwashing is one way to reduce the transmission and creation of new antibiotic resistant bacteria in the healthcare setting, “MDROs are transmitted mainly on the hands of caregivers who do not practice effective hand hygiene after every contact with patients and their environment” (p. 2168). Wet, lather, scrub, rinse, and dry must be done for at least 20 seconds with warm water and soap in order to be effective in the prevention against antibiotic resistant bacteria. Patients in a hospital are already immunocompromised, so acquiring a MDRO increases the chance of fatality. Sandora et al.
The Cell, the fundamental structural unit of all living organisms. Some cells are complete organisms, such as the unicellular bacteria and protozoa, others, such as nerve, liver, and muscle cells, are specialized components of multicellular organisms. In another words, without cells we wouldn’t be able to live or function correctly. There are Animal Cells and Plant Cells. In Biology class the other day we studied the Animal Cell. We were split into groups of our own and we each picked a different animal cell slide to observe. My group chose the slide,'; Smeared Frog Blood ';.