Abstract: Luminol, known for it’s use in crime labs to identify blood, was one of the main components used in the experiment which sought to use a starting material, convert it to a product, and then use the product as the starting material for an alternate reaction. In the experiment conducted in lab, 5-nitro-2,3-dihydropthalazine-1,4-dione was used as starting material, and when the nitro group was added to sodium hydrosulfite in 3M sodium hydroxide in water it was reduced and the resulting amine was used as a starting material to investigate properties of luminol. Chemiluminescence’s release of glowing light was due to the breaking of bonds brought upon by the excitation of electrons to release energy, and this resulting glow produced is …show more content…
After the solution was stirred, the solution turned into a mustard yellow color. When the luminol was dissolved into NaOH the solution turns a dark brown color. After the water was added into stock solution A, the color appeared medium brown. Following this, after the potassium ferrycyanide and hydrogen peroxide were mixed, stock solution B was made and appeared a yellow color. When stock solution B was diluted with water the resulting solution B appeared a to be a light yellow. Finally, after diluted solution A was added to solution B in a dark room the appearance of the solution was a glowing blue …show more content…
What is the difference between chemiluminescence and fluorescence? Where does the ENERGY for light emission come from in each case? Chemiluminescence was used to chemically excite a molecule which caused it to fall back down to the ground state causing released energy. Fluorescence usually occurs when light is absorbed from an alternate basis. Fluorescence usually occurs when its energy from external means obtains energy and alternatively chemiluminescence obtains its energy from chemical means. 6. In the chemiluminescence reaction, a diene is generated on the luminol molecule. Why does the reaction not progress from that point forward as a Diels-Alder reaction with molecular oxygen acting as a dienophile? How does ground-state molecular oxygen exist and does this affect the possibility of a Diels-Alder mechanism with O2? The reaction does not progress because in a triplet state oxygen is a diradical and a Diels Alder usually necessitates a double bond in singlet state.4 Diels Alder does not occur due to oxygen being being a diradical due to a non sufficient amount of electrons to make two sigma bonds on
The purpose of the Unknown White Compound Lab was to identify the unknown compound by performing several experiments. Conducting a solubility test, flame test, pH paper test, ion test, pH probe test, conductivity probe test, and synthesizing the compound will accurately identified the unknown compound. In order to narrow down the possible compounds, the solubility test was used to determine that the compound was soluble in water. Next, the flame test was used to compare the unknown compound to other known compounds such as potassium chloride, sodium chloride, and calcium carbonate. The flame test concluded that the cation in the unknown compound was potassium. Following, pH paper was used to determine the compound to be neutral and slightly
This experiment was conduct to investigate the fluorescent behaviour of Leucophor PAF and to investigate the quenching of QBS with NaCl. It was found that the Leucophor PAF indeed satisfied the characteristic to act as whitening agent. It was also found that the quenching of QBS with NaCl was a diffusion-controlled collision process.
Luminol can be synthesized by reaction 3-nitrophthalic acid with hydrazine to form 3-nitrophthalhydrazide. This compound is then reacted with sodium hydrosulfite to form luminol. To exhibit its chemiluminescence, luminol is reacted with an oxidizing agent which pushes electrons up to a higher energy excited state. When the electron drops back down to the lower energy ground state,
Glow sticks get their “glow” when two chemicals are mixed together because of a chemical reaction. The chemical reaction is called Chemiluminescence. A Typical glow stick has a plastic tube with a smaller inner tube inside. There are three components, two chemicals and a fluorescent dye which accepts the energy and helps covert to light. There is more than one way to make a glow stick, but the most common uses a solution of hydrogen peroxide and phenyl oxalate ester along with the fluorescent dye. The hydrogen peroxide is in its own compartment away from the other two components until ready to use. The fluorescent dye is what determines the subsequent color of the glow stick when the chemical solutions are combined.
...eases, including temperature. It is determined from the data that the reaction is more likely to have a step wise mechanism than a concerted due to the small – ΔS and a relatively large value of ΔH from the tables. Due to some errors, it is best to perform another experiment for future protocols. In addition with the variance the 35°C where at one point the absorbance levels off and then increases. In comparison to the rate constant against temperatures, at 25°C it is higher than 35 and 45. More test is required to ensure proper determination of the rate constant at those temperatures.
The plasmid pGLO contains the GFP gene which can only be activated while in the presence of arabinose. The plasmid also contains an ampicillin resistance gene, which explains why bacterial cells transformed with pGLO can survive when ampicillin is present. GFP is a protein that is found in jellyfish, and is known for emitting a green fluorescent light. In vitro, it is able to fluoresce this green color by releasing photons from being in an excited energy state. The energy was provided by a UV light at the end of this experiment. Jellyfish can fluoresce this green on their own because in vivo, GFP works with another protein that allows the GFP to fluoresce without being in an excited energy
I did accomplish the purpose of the lab. First, I determined the percentage of water in alum hydrate, and the percentage of water in an unknown hydrate. The results are reasonable because they are close to the example results. Second, I calculated the water of crystallization of an unknown hydrate. Furthermore, I developed the laboratory skills for analyzing a hydrate.
An example of bioluminescence is a firefly. The production of light in bioluminescent animals is caused by converting chemical energy to light energy (Bioluminescence, 1 of 1). In a firefly, oxygen, luciferin, luciferase (an enzyme), and ATP combine in the light organ in a chemical reaction that creates cold light (Johnson, 42). This bright, blinking light helps the male firefly attract female fireflies as a possible mate. Other examples of bioluminescent organisms are fungi, earthworms, jellyfish, fish, and other sea creatures (Berthold Technologies, 1 of 2).
This Experiment is a way of successfully viewing the emission spectra for metal carbonates. By heating the carbonates electrons go from there normal state called ground state to a higher energy state called excited state and the difference in electron energy gap of each metal carbonate makes up the difference of colours. This excited state is not a stable state but while in this state the atom gains additional energy but the variation of energy emitted is a characteristic of that in particular element. In this state the electrons emit photons which is the energy that corresponds to light wavelengths and therefore produces the different light emissions.
[IMAGE] This work[IMAGE] We can see how different wavelengths of light affect photosynthesis by looking at action spectra. An action spectrum relates the rate of photosynthesis to the wavelength of light being received by a plant. For green plants, including algae, the action spectrum shows that
From crime scenes to birthday parties to battlegrounds, chemiluminescence is a beautiful, yet useful phenomenon. The reaction of chemiluminescent molecules such as luminol can be used to detect bloodstains not visible to the naked eye or create long lasting, easily concealable light sources such as glow sticks. The goal of this experiment was to find the most appropriate solvent in which to dissolve luminol and examine the effects of adding reagents such as sodium hydroxide, bleach, and hydrogen peroxide to the solution, aiming to find the concentrations that caused the luminol to glow for the longest period of time. Although a rather complicated reaction, the luminol reacted best with a comparatively simple solution.
Now the description of light is harder concept to grasp. We describe light by using wavelength and frequency. Wavelength would be the distance between two corresponding points on a wave. Frequency would be the number of waves that passes a point per second. For example the wavelengths of visible light such as red would be visible at seven hundred nanometers. Another example on how we describe light is to take the color green, for it to be visible it would have a wavelength of five hundred nanometers and a frequency of 6 x 10 14/s. Light can also be described on our scale as both waves and particles or packets of light called photons. The energy of a photon is proportional to the frequency. The last way we can describe light is to use the Atomic Spectra. The atomic spectra give only specific colors in a line spectrum, where each line is a specific wavelength of light. For example colored light, such as light from a neon sign would work perfectly with the atomic spectra.
An outer shell electron will then replace the captured inner electron, emitting characteristic X-Rays in the process. If the daughter nucleus is in an excited state, gamma rays will be also emitted according to equation (4). X-Ray fluorescence arises when a sufficiently energetic electron knocks an orbital electron out of an inner shell, followed by subsequent electron capture and X-Ray emission. Bremsstrahlung radiation is produced by the scattering of electrons due to a strong electric field surrounding high Z nuclei.
Bioluminescence is a mixture of chemicals inside a living thing that glows and generally lives in the twilight zone of the ocean. Bioluminescence consists of, “Two different kinds of light emission, luminescence is when chemical compounds mix together and glow. Incandescence is a filament inside the creature that gets very hot and emits light.” (Wilson, Tracy). Bioluminescence is mostly chemistry and how different chemicals mix together to give off different appearances. Luciferin produces light, while luciferase is a catalyst which often needs a charged ion to activate it. Life in the sea most often use coelenterazine, a type of luciferin. These particular animals live in the deeper parts of the ocean like the twilight zone.
The ingredients that will be included are: dish soap, 30% hydrogen peroxide, potassium iodide, and corn starch. Adding the cornstarch to the mixture has a chemical reaction to the hydrogen peroxide. It will have light and dark patches due to the uneven placement of the cornstarch; it will have an uneven reaction. Which will then make it appear “glowing”. The fourth experiment is very similar when it comes to the ingredients the only thing that changes is that we are no longer using potassium iodide but we are using yeast instead. Also, since yeast is being used, we are adding in fluorescent dye to it so we can shine a UV (ultraviolet) light on it to see the reaction occurring. Using the dye under a light helps us observe the reaction between the dye and cornstarch. I had to replace the potassium iodide with yeast for a slow reaction and also so it is possible to use the dye. In both of these experiments the reaction is a massive production of foam. The hydrogen peroxide will be decomposed into water and by the oxygen by the iodide and/or the yeast. A substance called catalyst speeds up the